INDEX

• Polygonal limits for footings (in CYPECAD and CYPE 3D)
• Strap and tie beam intersections (only for CYPECAD)
• Loads applied on footings, pile caps and, strap and tie beams (only for CYPECAD)
• CYPECAD and CYPE 3D modules

Polygonal limits for footings (in CYPECAD and CYPE 3D)

Using the Advanced design of surface foundations module in CYPECAD or CYPE 3D, the user can define limits or boundaries which cannot be invaded by reinforce concrete or mass concrete footings. Examples of these limits or boundaries may include property limits or zones reserved for other uses such as deposits, lift shafts etc. These limits may also be defined for the program to define irregular polygonal footings for any other reason, regardless of whether there are real physical limits.

The user has to introduce polylines to define the limits. When the program designs the foundations, it automatically trims the footings which pass or invade the established limits. The fraction of the footing in which the column starts or columns remain is conserved and is, therefore, what is considered in the analysis. During the design of the footings, the program does not allow the established limits to be exceeded. The design of a footing may be affected by more than one limit.

The limits are introduced in CYPECAD using the Limits for polygonal footings option located in the Foundations menu within the Column definition or Results tab. In CYPE 3D, this option is available within the Foundations tab > Limits> New. The limits may be introduced manually by defining each edge in both programs or by snapping to a DXF/DWG template. In CYPECAD, the limits that have been introduced in a group, only affect the footings of that group, whilst for CYPE 3D, the limits affect all the footings regardless of their elevation.

Once the polylines defining the limits have been introduced, the user may delete or move them, insert a new vertex or eliminate a section of the polyline.

These polylines have certain logical restrictions regarding their position:

• They cannot intersect a column
• They must cut the outlines of the footings before and after their design
• Footings with multiple columns cannot be trimmed in such a way as to leave one column isolated from the rest of the columns or column starts sharing the footing.
• The defined limits have no effect on strap and tie beams, pile caps, tapered footings or strip footings. They only affect reinforced concrete and mass concrete footings of constant depth. Nonetheless, CYPECAD allows for its users to define a combined footing of constant depth, containing several supports which may also include a wall or shear wall (defined with external fixity and without a footing), and in this case the limits will affect the footing.

If a polyline does not comply with one of these conditions, the program will not consider the limit generated by the polyline. In this case, an explanation on why it has not been possible to adapt the footing outline to the introduced limits is provided in the check report of each affected footing.

The reasons may include:

• The limit that has been introduced cuts through a column.
• The limit that has been introduced intersects the footing but does not divide it.
• The limit lies completely within the inside of the footing.
• As there are no reinforcement starts present at the footing, the effective outline cannot be calculated.
• The limit divides the footing without the reinforcement starts lying in a single part of the footing.
• Tapered footings are not affected by the introduced limits.

The footing check reports can be visualised using different options:

In CYPECAD:

• Beam Definition or Results tab > Foundation > Code check errors > Select footing
• Beam Definition or Results tab > Foundation > Foundation elements > Edit icon > Select footing > Code checks button or Design button.

In CYPE 3D:

• Foundation tab > Analysis > Check > Select footing
• Foundation tab > Foundation elements > Select footing > Check button or Design button.

Strap and tie beam intersections (only for CYPECAD)

Using the Advanced design of surface foundations module, CYPECAD can design foundations consisting of footings or pile caps with intersecting strap and tie beams.

Loads applied on footings, pile caps and, strap and tie beams (only for CYPECAD)

Using the Advanced design of surface foundations module, CYPECAD allows for the introduction of point, line and surface loads on footings, pile caps and, strap and tie beams, and takes them into account in the design. Using this module, CYPECAD also recognises the loads transmitted by the stair supports resting on the aforementioned foundation elements.

CYPECAD assumes that the soil below the strap and tie beams does not intervene in the force equilibrium or distribution to which they are submitted. Therefore, strap and tie beams are designed to also support any loads that may be present acting on them and will transmit the forces to the footings or pile caps at their ends, or other strap and tie beams they may intersect.

CYPECAD and CYPE 3D modules

CYPE 3D modules:

• Timber sections
• Aluminium and generic sections

CYPECAD modules:

• Steel columns
• Steel beams
• Joist floor slabs (generic concrete joists)
• Joist floor slabs (in-situ, precast and steel)
• Timber joist floor slabs
• Waffle slabs
• Flat slabs
• Punching shear verification (Also operates as an independent program)
• Composite slabs
• Hollow core slabs
• Post-tensioned concrete slabs for buildings
• Shear walls
• Reinforced concrete walls
• Plane stress walls
• Stairs
• Mat foundations and foundation beams
• Concrete block walls
• Interaction of the structure with the construction elements
• Automatic job introduction: DXF, DWG and CAD/BIM models
• Collective protection systems
  

Modules common to CYPECAD and CYPE 3D:

• Concrete columns
• Composite steel and concrete columns
• Concrete beams
• Timber sections
• Pile caps (includes strap and tie beams)
• Baseplates
• Footings (pad and strip) (includes strap and tie beams)
• Advanced design of surface foundations
• Fire resistance check
• Parallel analysis with two multiprocessors
• Parallel analysis with up to eight processors
• Joints I. Welded. Warehouses with rolled and welded steel I sections
• Joints II. Bolted. Warehouses with rolled and welded steel I sections
• Joints III. Welded. Building frames with rolled and welded steel I sections
• Joints IV. Bolted. Building frames with rolled and welded steel I sections
• Joints V. Flat trusses with hollow structural sections
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